Food production has tripled over the past half century and has allowed the world's population to increase by 4.5 billion people. This boom in food supply as a result of the Green Revolution avoided widespread famine but carried with it substantial environmental costs including depletion of freshwater resources, eutrophication from injudicious fertilizer use, greenhouse gas emissions from livestock, rice paddies, mechanization, and fertilizer denitrification, and agricultural expansion into natural systems. Humanity will need to feed several billion more people by mid-century while minimizing the environmental burden of food production and coping with the impacts of a changing climate. This text provides an overview of the key tradeoffs that have historically occurred between food production and the environment and explores solutions that offer promise for enhancing food supply and environmental stewardship together.